Methods and apparatus for deep brain stimulation

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides systems, apparatus and methods for treating nerve disorders in the brain. An electrode is introduced into a patient&#39;s sinus cavity and an electrical impulse is applied to the electrode to modulate one or more target nerves in the brain to treat the disorder. In preferred embodiments, the electrode is positioned within a sinus cavity adjacent to or near the frontal cortex of the brain and the electrical signal is sufficient to modulate, stimulate and/or inhibit nerves within the frontal cortex. The electrode may be movable between a collapsed or compact configuration for introduction into the sinus cavity and an expanded configuration for contacting tissue within the sinus cavity to deliver the electrical impulse through the tissue to the target nerves in the brain.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/507,135filed 22 Jul. 2009, which is a Continuation in Part of U.S. Ser. No.12/394,972 filed 27 Feb. 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,401,650 issued 19Mar. 2013, which is a Continuation in Part of U.S. Ser. No. 12/338,191filed 18 Dec. 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,034 issued 26 Jun. 2012,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/043,805 filed 10 Apr. 2008 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/043,802 filed 10 Apr. 2008; each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the delivery of electrical energy tobodily tissues for therapeutic purposes, and more specifically todevices and methods for treating various disorders resulting from nervetransmissions in the brain.

The use of electrical stimulation for treatment of medical conditionshas been well known in the art for nearly two thousand years. Electricalstimulation of the brain and the peripheral nervous system and/or directstimulation of malfunctioning tissue is generally a completelyreversible and non-destructive treatment and holds significant promisefor the treatment of many ailments.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical treatment involving theimplantation of a medical device called a brain pacemaker, which sendselectrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. DBS in select brainregions, such as the frontal cortex, has provided remarkable therapeuticbenefits for otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affectivedisorders, such as chronic pain, Parkinson's disease,obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, essential tremor anddystonia. Although the exact principles and mechanisms of DBS are stillnot clear, DBS apparently changes brain activity directly in acontrolled manner.

In addition to currently recognized neural circuits associated withbehavioral disorders, there is an increasing awareness that abnormalneural activity in the brain may be associated with a variety ofdeleterious behavior patterns. For example, while obesity is notuniformly recognized as a class of psychiatric behavioral disorder,there is recent clinical evidence demonstrating that hyperphagia(excessive appetite and consumption of food) can be associated withexcessive activity in certain neural circuits.

Deep brain stimulation systems typically consist of three components,the implanted pulse generator (IPG), the lead and the extension. The IPGis a battery-powered neurostimulator encased in a titanium housing,which sends electrical pulses to the brain to interfere with neuralactivity at the target site. The lead is a coiled wire insulated inpolyurethane with four platinum iridium electrodes connected to the IPGby the extension, an insulated wire that runs from the head, down theside of the neck and behind the ear to the IPG. The IPG is typicallyplaced subcutaneously below the clavicle, or in some cases, the abdomen.

DBS leads are placed in the brain according to the type of symptoms tobe addressed. For non-Parkinsonian essential tremor, the lead istypically placed in the ventrointermedial nucleus (VIM) of the thalamus.For dystonia and symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (rigidity,bradykinesia/akinesia and tremor), the lead is typically placed ineither the globus pallidus or subthalamic nucleus.

Unfortunately, deep brain stimulation generally involves the invasiveplacement of electrodes into deep brain structures, along with thesubcutaneous implantation of the electrical generator with batteries.Such approaches are expensive and generally accompanied by risksassociated with surgery. In particular, implantation of the electrodeshave risks associated with surgically accessing tissues of the brain,such as bleeding and infection. In addition, these approaches sufferfrom device-related risks, including device failure, battery-life limitsand the like

Deeper areas of the brain are difficult to reach with current DBStechniques without damaging otherwise healthy areas of the brain. Arecent improvement over DBS is to stimulate the brain noninvasively.Newer techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation have attemptedto accomplish this and have shown efficacy in treating depression.However, they have not been able to target small regions of the brainand require large, expensive devices to deliver currents sufficient toinduce electric fields in the brain capable of depolarizing nervemembranes.

In light of the above, improved systems, devices and methods for thetreatment of disorders associated with nerve transmissions in the brainare desired. In particular, it would be desirable if these systems andmethods could help mitigate the debilitating effects of behavioral andother disorders without imposing excessive surgical trauma on thepatient, and without having to damage or kill healthy neural tissues.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides systems, apparatus and methods forselectively applying electrical energy to body tissue. In one aspect ofthe invention, a method for treating nerve disorders in the brainincludes introducing an electrode into a patient's sinus cavity andapplying an electrical impulse to the electrode that is sufficient tomodulate one or more target nerves in the brain to treat the disorder.In preferred embodiments, the electrode is positioned within a sinuscavity adjacent to or near the frontal cortex of the brain and theelectrical signal is sufficient to modulate, stimulate and/or inhibitnerves within the frontal cortex. The electrode is preferably movablebetween a collapsed or compact configuration for advancement into thesinus cavity and an expanded configuration for contacting tissue withinthe sinus cavity to deliver the electrical impulse through said tissueto the target nerves in the brain.

A key advantage of the invention is that deep brain stimulation (DBS) totreat certain nerve disorders can be accomplished minimally invasively,i.e., without requiring direct access to the brain through the patient'sskull. In addition, the proximity of the sinus cavities to the frontalcortex allows precise positioning of the electric field to stimulate theappropriate nerve tissue. Thus, deeper areas of the brain can bedirectly stimulated without damaging otherwise healthy areas of thebrain. Nerve disorders that can be treated according to the presentinvention include epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, depression, eatingdisorders, Tourette syndrome, obesity, mood disorders,obsessive-compulsive disorders, hyperphagia, addiction, dystonia,essential tremor, chronic pain or any other disorder associated withnerve transmissions in the frontal cortex.

In a preferred method according to the present invention, an expandedenclosure, such as a balloon, is introduced into a sinus cavity andconductive fluid is delivered within the interior of the balloon.Electrical energy is applied to the conductive fluid such that theelectrical energy passes through an ion-permeable section of the outerwall of the balloon to the target tissue. In one embodiment, theelectrical energy is applied to an electrode positioned within theballoon and surrounded by the conductive fluid. The conductive fluidallows for the passage of electrical energy from the electrode throughthe fluid and the outer wall of the enclosure for treatment of tissue onor in a patient. In an alternative embodiment, the electrode comprisespart or all of the balloon's outer wall and the electrical energy isapplied directly to the conductive fluid.

In the preferred embodiment, the electrode does not directly contact thetissue of the sinus cavity, which reduces the potential for collateraltissue damage or necrosis and/or excessive electric fields in thetissue. In addition, the enclosure physically shields the electrode fromthe patient's tissue which substantially inhibits Faradic products(e.g., OH⁻, H₂O₂) of the electrode from reaching the target site. Inthis manner, a direct or low frequency current can be applied to theelectrode(s) without the danger of such Faradic products reachingexcessively high concentrations at the tissue site. In addition, director low frequency current can be delivered for a longer period of timeand/or at higher power levels than is conventionally considered safe.Faradic products may be minimized in the present invention either byspacing the electrode from the outer wall of the balloon (so thatdiffusion is the rate limiting step) or by using a buffered conductivesolution as the fluid that expands the balloon.

In an alternative embodiment, a method for diagnosing a patient'shearing deficiency is also disclosed. In this method, an electrode isintroduced into the sinus cavity of the patient near or adjacent thecochlea, preferably adjacent the voice canal in the nasal cavity. Anelectrical impulse is then applied to the electrode that is sufficientto replicate electrical signals that would naturally be generated by oneor more nerves of a healthy cochlea. The patient is then monitored todetermine if he/she is able to process these electrical signals in thebrain and “hear” them. This enables the physician to determine if thepatient's hearing deficiency originates in the cochlea and consequentlywhether a cochlear implant would improve the patient's hearing deficit.

Systems according to the present invention include an enclosure, such asa balloon, that is movable from a deflated position for introductionthrough one of the patient's nostrils into a sinus cavity to an inflatedposition wherein at least a portion of the outer wall of the ballooncontacts target tissue within sinus. The balloon is preferably inflatedby introducing an electrically conductive fluid into the balloon. Theconductive fluid serves to inflate the balloon to allow the balloon tocontact target tissue, and to electrically couple the electrode to theouter wall of the balloon. The material of the balloon is preferablyvery soft and flexible, e.g., elastic, such that it gently conforms tothe surrounding tissue, which allows the electrically energy to beapplied uniformly to the target tissue. In addition, one skilled in theart will recognize that this configuration allows the balloon to conformto tissue within the sinus cavity. Another advantage of the invention isthat the balloon, in the inflated position, has a larger tissue contactarea than the electrode, which allows the device to be applied to alarger tissue treatment area.

In another aspect of the invention, the device includes an introducerfor introducing the device to a target location within the patient'snose. The electrode and the balloon are coupled to a distal portion ofthe introducer. In a preferred embodiment, the electrode is coupled tothe introducer such that, when the balloon is inflated, the electrode issubstantially centrally located within the interior of the balloon. Thisconfiguration ensures that the electrode is spaced sufficiently from thepatient's tissue to minimize tissue necrosis and collateral tissuedamage. In certain embodiments, the introducer is a tube designed forpassage through the patient's nostril to a target location within thesinus cavities, such as the ethmoid, sphenoid or frontal sinus.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the balloon is formedsubstantially from an ion-permeable and/or hydrophilic material. As theballoon is filled with a conductive fluid, such as saline, the outersurface of the balloon wets and permits good contact with thesurrounding tissue of the patient, which may otherwise be dry. Incertain embodiments, the balloon may include one or more sections formedfrom an ion-permeable material with other sections formed from anelectrically insulating material, or the entire wall of the balloon maybe formed from such a material. In the former embodiment, the balloonmay be constructed to selectively apply electrical energy throughcertain sections of its outer wall to selectively apply such energy tospecific tissue locations on the body. For example, the balloon may beconstructed such that the electrical energy is directly focused from thesinus cavity to the target nerve in the brain, thereby avoiding unwantedstimulation of non-target nerves in the nasal cavity and/or brain.

Preferably, electrical properties of the electrode, the fluid, and thematerial of the balloon are such that a resistance through theelectrode, the fluid, and the balloon outer wall is less than about1,000 Ohms, more preferably less than about 400 Ohms, and preferablyless than 200 Ohms. In one embodiment, the return electrode is a returnpad located on a surface of the patient's skin, such as the back or hip,and the electrode within the balloon acts as the tissue treatment oractive electrode. In this embodiment, an electro-magnetic field emanatesfrom the active electrode through the tissue in a substantially radialpattern. In alternative embodiments, the return electrode may be locatedcloser to the active electrode, e.g., within the balloon, coupled to theintroducer outside of the balloon or within a second balloon. In theseembodiments, the electrical energy will not flow completely through thepatient's body, i.e., the current will generally flow from the activeelectrode through the conductive fluid and the outer wall of theballoon, through the patient's tissue at the target site and to thereturn electrode.

In one embodiment, the device further includes a vacuum source foraspirating the electrically conductive fluid from the interior of theballoon. The vacuum source may be a positive source of aspiration withan aspiration passage coupled to the interior of the balloon or thedevice may be designed to simply allow the fluid to evacuate the balloonthrough the same fluid passage it entered through pressure differential,gravity, or the like. Evacuating the conductive fluid deflates theballoon and allows any excess Faradic products and/or heat to beevacuated from the device. In this manner, the balloon may beperiodically evacuated to allow for periodic evacuation of excessFaradic products and heat, which allows for higher power levels and/orlonger continuous use of the device in the patient. In some embodiments,the device may be adapted for continuous circulation of the electricallyconductive fluid to reduce any build-up of heat or Faradic products andensure uniform temperatures at the outer surface of the balloon. Theseembodiments will allow the device to use much higher power levels as theheat generated around the electrode and within the conductive fluid fromthe higher power levels will be continuously evacuated from the interiorof the balloon.

The source of electrical energy is an electrical signal generator thatpreferably operates to generate an electrical signal having a frequencybetween about 1 Hz to 10,000 Hz, a pulse duration of between about10-1000 us, and an amplitude of between about 1-20 volts. The electricalsignal may be one or more of: a full or partial sinusoid, a square wave,a rectangular wave, and triangle wave. By way of example, the at leastone electrical signal may be of a frequency between about 15 Hz to 35Hz. Alternatively, the at least one electrical signal may be of afrequency of about 25 Hz. By way of example, the at least one electricalsignal may have a pulsed on-time of between about 50 to 1000microseconds, such as between about 100 to 300 microseconds, or about200 microseconds. By way of example, the at least one electrical signalmay have an amplitude of about 5-15 volts, such as about 12 volts.

Other aspects, features, advantages, etc. will become apparent to oneskilled in the art when the description of the invention herein is takenin conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the purposes of illustrating the various aspects of the invention,there are shown in the drawings forms that are presently preferred, itbeing understood, however, that the invention is not limited by or tothe precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of an esophageal electrode device inaccordance with one or more aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view taken through the balloon of theesophageal electrode device of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2A is an illustration of a deflated balloon of the esophagealelectrode device of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2B is an illustration of an inflated balloon of the esophagealelectrode device of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an electrical signal generating systemfor use with the esophageal electrode device of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary electrical voltage-current profile for ablocking and/or modulating impulse in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention; and

FIG. 5 illustrates a method of treating nerve disorders in the brainaccording to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the present invention, electrical energy is applied to one or moreelectrodes in the presence of an electrically conductive fluid todeliver an electromagnetic field to a patient. For convenience, theremaining disclosure will be directed specifically to stimulation of thenerves within the frontal cortex and/or the cochlea with a deviceintroduced into one of the sinus cavities of a patient, but it will beappreciated that the systems and methods of the present invention can beapplied equally well to other tissues and nerves of the body, includingbut not limited to parasympathetic nerves, such as the vagus nerve,sympathetic nerves, spinal or cranial nerves, e.g., optic nerve, facialnerves, vestibulocochlear nerves and the like. In addition, the presentinvention can be applied to treat other ailments, such as asthma, COPD,sepsis, dialytic hypotension, epilepsy, depression or obesity and otherprocedures including open procedures, intravascular procedures,interventional cardiology procedures, urology, laparoscopy, generalsurgery, arthroscopy, thoracoscopy or other cardiac procedures, cosmeticsurgery, orthopedics, gynecology, otorhinolaryngology, spinal andneurologic procedures, oncology procedures and the like. In particular,the present invention can be used to practice the treatments describedin the following commonly assigned patent applications: US PatentPublication Numbers: 2009/0183237, 2008/0009913, 2007/0191902,2007/0191905, 2007/0106339, 2007/0106338 and 2007/0106337, the fulldisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

With reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, an exemplary device 100 for deliveringan electromagnetic field to a patient will now be described. Device 100is designed to be introduced into the esophagus and/or the sinus cavityof the patient and located therein at a position that (when activated)achieves a therapeutic result. The device 100 includes an inflatableballoon 102 and a catheter, or an introducer tube 104, sized and shaped(when the balloon 102 is deflated) to slide into the patient's esophagusand/or one of the sinus cavities.

The balloon 102 has at least one section formed from anelectrically-permeable material, preferably a hydrophilic orion-permeable material. By way of example, balloon 102 may besubstantially formed from an ion-permeable, soft, flexible, and/ordistensible material with a thickness of about 0.001 inches. Suitableballoon materials for use in the present invention include Pebax®,aromatic polyether polyurethane grades, such as Dureflex® from, forexample, Deerfield Urethane in Whately, Mass., thermally conductivepolymers or thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) such as those found at CoolPolymers, Inc. in Warwick, R.I. and the like. However, it will berecognized by those skilled in the art that a variety of commerciallyavailable balloon materials may be used to carry out the presentinvention.

The balloon preferably has a length of between about 1-3 cm (such as 2cm), a diameter of between about 1.5-4.0 cm (such as 2-3 cm), and afluid pressure therein of between about 1-10 pounds per square inch(such as 2 psi) when inflated. Obviously, under the stresses experiencedduring insertion, extraction and inflation, the balloon 102 should notseparate from tube 104, tear or leak. The tube 104 may be of a standardtype formed out of polyurethane, measuring about 36 cm long, and havinginside and outside diameters of 1.6 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively(although other lengths, diameters, and materials may be employed). Inorder to assist in the placement of the balloon 102 at a desiredlocation, the tube 104 may include markers along its length, such as onemarker about every 1 cm.

With reference to FIG. 1B, tube 104 includes an internal passageway 106and an external surface 108. At least one electrode 110 is coupled tothe external surface 108 of the tube 104 (such as by a UV curableadhesive, such as Dymax 204-CTH). By way of example, the at least oneelectrode 110 may be of a general cylindrical shape and may extendaround the external surface 108 of tube 104. Although there are a numberof sizes and shapes that would suffice to implement the electrode 110,by way of example, the at least one electrode 110 may be between about1.0-1.5 mm long (such as 1.27 mm), may have an outside diameter ofbetween about 2.6-2.85 mm (such as 2.77 mm), and may have an insidediameter of between about 2.5-2.75 mm (such as 2.67 mm). A suitableelectrode 110 may be formed from Pt-IR (90%/10%), although othermaterials or combinations or materials may be used, such as platinum,tungsten, gold, copper, palladium, silver or the like.

Those skilled in the art will also recognize that a variety of differentshapes and sizes of electrodes may be used. By way of example only,electrode shapes according to the present invention can include ballshapes, twizzle shapes, spring shapes, twisted metal shapes, annular,solid tube shapes or the like. Alternatively, the electrode(s) maycomprise a plurality of filaments, rigid or flexible brush electrode(s),coiled electrode(s) or the like. Alternatively, the electrode may beformed by the use of formed wire (e.g., by drawing round wire through ashaping die) to form electrodes with a variety of cross-sectionalshapes, such as square, rectangular, L or V shaped, or the like.Alternatively, the electrode may comprise a breakaway electrode on theend of a small gauge needle (e.g., 22 GA). In this embodiment, theelectrode is hollow to allow for aspiration through the needle whilebeing inserted ensuring that no blood vessels are compromised. Once inplace, the needle is withdrawn over a fine conducting wire which isattached to the electrode, leaving just the electrode near the vagusnerve. The wire is then connected to the negative terminal of source ofelectrical energy. In yet another embodiment, the syringe itself is theelectrode. The needle is coated with a thin insulating material leavingonly 1-2 mm of the distal end of the needle bare, which acts as theelectrode.

A conductor 112 extends through the internal passageway 106 of tube 104and electrically connects to the electrode 110. By way of example, theconductor 112 may be a solid silver wire of about 0.25 mm diameterinsulated with a PTFE material of about 0.33 mm diameter. The diameterof the insulating material of the conductor 112 should be less than theinternal diameter of tube 104 such that fluid may freely flow thereindespite the presence of the conductor 112. The conductor 112 may belaser welded to the electrode 110 using known procedures.

FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of the balloon 102 in an inflatedstate, while FIG. 2B is a reproduction of a photograph illustrating aprototype of the device 100 with the balloon 102 inflated. FIG. 2A is areproduction of a photograph illustrating the prototype of the device100 with the balloon 102 deflated. A fluid, preferably a salinesolution, passes into the balloon 102 through tube 104 to inflate same.In some embodiments, the fluid may be a buffered conductive solutionthat will further minimize Faradic products from the electrodecontacting the patient's tissue (as discussed below). The balloon 102 issized, shaped and located about the electrode 110 and a portion of tube104 such that when the balloon is inflated with fluid, the electrode 110is substantially centrally located within an interior volume of theballoon 102. This configuration has several advantages over conventionalelectrode configurations, such as: (i) the metal of the electrode 110 isnot too close to, and never comes in contact with, the patient's tissue,which means that there is no concern about tissue necrosis or excessiveelectric fields in the tissue; (ii) the electrode 110 may be used withdirect current signal sources since any Faradic Products (e.g. OH⁻,H₂O₂) would not reach excessively high concentrations at the tissuesite; (iii) as the balloon 102 is filled with saline, the surface of theballoon 102 wets and permits good contact with the surrounding tissue ofthe patient, which may otherwise be dry; and (iv) the material of theballoon 102 is preferably very soft and flexible such that it gentlyconforms to the surrounding tissue.

To inflate the balloon 102, a number of features are provided with thedevice 100. A pilot balloon assembly 130, which may be of a standardtype, is located at a proximal end of the device 100. The pilot balloonassembly 130 is in fluid communication with tube 104 via fluid tube 132.The fluid tube 132 may enter tube 104 along with the conductor 112, andthe entry point may be sealed with an adhesive, such as Dymax 204-CTH UVcurable adhesive. The pilot balloon assembly 130 includes a springloaded valve that opens when introducing fluid into the pilot and thefluid tube 132, and/or when removing fluid therefrom.

Tube 104 may include a first aperture 114 through which the conductor112 passes from the internal passageway 106 to the at least oneelectrode 110. The tube 104 may include second and third apertures 116,118 extending from the internal passageway 106 to the external surface108, and through which fluid may pass to inflate and deflate the balloon102 (as will be discussed in more detail later herein). Preferably, thesecond and third apertures 116, 118 are disposed at proximal and distalends 120, 122 of the balloon 102, respectively, and the first aperture114 is located between the second and third apertures 116, 118.

The inflation process preferably includes a priming phase followed by aninflation phase. The priming phase preferably takes place prior tointroducing the device 100 into the patient. In the priming phase, asource of fluid, such as saline, is coupled to the pilot balloonassembly 130. The source of fluid may be a fluid filled syringe or thelike. With the balloon 102 in a generally vertical orientation (withdistal end 120 up), fluid is preferably introduced into the pilot, thefluid tube 132, tube 104 and the balloon 102 via the syringe. The fluidwill enter the balloon 102 mostly via the second and third apertures116, 118. Air will tend to collect at the distal end 120 of the balloon102 as the fluid enters the device and urges the air in that direction.Again, keeping the balloon upright, at least some of the fluid is drawnout of the balloon 102 by reversing the fluid flow at the pilot balloonassembly 130 and source of fluid. This reversal of fluid flow willcreate a vacuum and draw all the air out of the balloon 102 via thesecond aperture 116. Of course, there may be other ways to prime thedevice 100; however, the above approach is believed to be suitable.

After the device 100 is inserted into the patient's esophagus and/or oneof the sinus cavities (preferably through the nostril), the inflationphase begins. The inflation phase includes causing the fluid to flowinto the device 100 from the source (e.g., the syringe) until a desiredballoon size and/or pressure is reached, such as the aforementioned 1-3cm length, 1.5-4.0 cm diameter, and/or 1-10 psi pressure.

The electrical properties of the electrode 110, the fluid, and thematerial of the balloon 102 are preferably designed such that aresistance therethrough is no more than about 1000 Ohms, preferably nomore than 500 Ohms and more preferably 200 Ohms or less. In an exemplaryembodiment, the impedance through the electrode 110, the fluid, and thematerial of the balloon 102 should be no more than about 200 Ohms at1000 Hz. The electrical properties of the fluid may be as important asthose of the electrode 110 in this regard. The electrically conductingfluid should have a threshold conductivity to provide a suitableconductive path between electrode 110 and the outer wall of the balloon102. The electrical conductivity of the fluid (in units of milliSiemansper centimeter or mS/cm) will typically be between about 1 mS/cm and 200mS/cm and will usually be greater than 10 mS/cm, preferably will begreater than 20 mS/cm and more preferably greater than 50 mS/cm. In oneembodiment, the electrically conductive fluid is isotonic saline, whichhas a conductivity of about 17 mS/cm. Applicant has found that a moreconductive fluid, or one with a higher ionic concentration, will usuallyprovide optimal results. For example, a saline solution with higherlevels of sodium chloride than conventional saline (which is on theorder of about 0.9% sodium chloride) e.g., on the order of greater than1% or between about 3% and 20%, may be desirable. A fluid of about 5%saline (e.g., approximately 100 mS/cm) is believed to work well,although modifications to the concentration and the chemical make-up ofthe fluid may be determined through simple experimentation by skilledartisans.

As noted above, the material of the balloon 102 is preferably slightlywater-permeable or hydrophilic so that when the balloon 102 is filledwith saline, the surface of the balloon 102 wets. Preferably, whenfilled with 10 cc of saline, the flux of saline out of the balloon 102(into a similar saline solution) should not exceed about 1 cc per hour.Lubrizol Tecophilic HP93A-100 is a material with these properties.

In an alternative embodiment, the electrode 110 may be implemented viathe fluid itself within the balloon 102. Although a 5% saline solutionwould have a relatively high resistance compared to a metal electrode110 implementation, those skilled in the art would appreciate thathigher conductivity fluid solutions may be employed for such purposes ora larger diameter and/or shorter tube may be utilized to increase theconductivity. Additionally or alternatively, the conductor 112 may beimplemented using the conductive fluid used to fill the balloon 102;indeed, such fluid is within the passage 106 anyway. Again, relativelyhigh conductivity fluid would be desirable.

With reference to FIG. 3, a complete system for using the device 100includes an electrical signal generator (or source) 300. Source 300operates to apply at least one electrical signal to the conductor 112(via lead 340) such that, when the inflated balloon 102 (and electrode110) is positioned at the target region within a patient, anelectro-magnetic field emanates from the electrode 110 to the anatomy ofthe patient in the vicinity of the target region to achieve atherapeutic result. Unlike some known techniques, which target aspecific location of the patient's anatomy, such as a very specificlocation of a nerve, the return electrode 350 placement is preferablysuch that when applied to the patient, the electro-magnetic fieldemanating from the electrode 110 is a substantially radial pattern—inother words, the pattern of the electro-magnetic field emanating fromthe electrode 110 is not focused on any particular point, or small,localized region of the patient's anatomy. This is preferably achievedby applying the return electrode 350 to an external portion of thepatient, such as to at least one of the upper-back, the chest, and/orthe stomach.

The source 300 may be tailored for the treatment of a particular ailmentand may include an electrical impulse generator 310, a power source 320coupled to the electrical impulse generator 310, and a control unit 330in communication with the electrical impulse generator 310 and the powersource 320. Electrodes 340 provide source and return paths for the atleast one electrical signal to/from the electrode 110 and returnelectrode 350.

The control unit 330 may control the electrical impulse generator 310for generation of the signal suitable for amelioration of the ailmentwhen the signal is applied via the electrodes 340 to the device 100. Itis noted that source 300 may be referred to by its function as a pulsegenerator.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary electrical voltage/current profile for astimulating, blocking and/or modulating impulse applied to a portion orportions of the patient's anatomy, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the present invention. A suitable electricalvoltage/current profile 400 for the stimulating, blocking and/ormodulating impulse 410 to the portion or portions of one or more nervesand/or muscles may be achieved using the pulse generator 310. In apreferred embodiment, the pulse generator 310 may be implemented usingthe power source 320 and control unit 330 having, for instance, aprocessor, a clock, a memory, etc., to produce a pulse train 420 to theelectrode(s) 340 that deliver the blocking and/or modulating fields tothe nerve resulting from impulses 410.

The parameters of the modulation signal 400 are preferably programmable,such as the frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, pulse width, pulse shape,etc. The blocking and/or modulating impulse signal 410 preferably has afrequency, an amplitude, a duty cycle, a pulse width, a pulse shape,etc. selected to influence the therapeutic result, such as stimulating,blocking and/or modulating some or all of one or more nervetransmissions.

For example, assuming the aforementioned impedance characteristics ofthe device 100, the at least one electrical signal may be of a frequencybetween about 1 Hz to 3000 Hz, a pulse duration of between about 10-1000us, and an amplitude of between about 1-20 volts. For example, the atleast one electrical signal may be of a frequency between about 15 Hz to35 Hz, such as about 25 Hz. The at least one electrical signal may havea pulsed on-time of between about 50 to 1000 microseconds, such asbetween about 100 to 300 microseconds, such as about 200 microseconds.The at least one electrical signal may have an amplitude of about 5-15volts, such as about 12 volts. The at least one electrical signal mayinclude one or more of a full or partial sinusoid, a square wave, arectangular wave, and triangle wave.

Although the specific implementation of the signal source 300 is not ofcriticality to the invention, by way of example, the source 300 may bepurchased commercially, such as a Model 7432 available from Medtronic,Inc. Alternatively, U.S. Patent Application Publications 2005/0075701and 2005/0075702, both to Shafer, both of which are incorporated hereinby reference, contain descriptions of pulse generators that may beapplicable for implementing the signal source 300 of the presentinvention.

An alternative implementation for the signal source 300 of the presentinvention may be obtained from the disclosure of U.S. Patent PublicationNo.: 2005/0216062, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated hereinby reference. U.S. Patent Publication No.: 2005/0216062 discloses amulti-functional electrical stimulation (ES) system adapted to yieldoutput signals for effecting faradic, electromagnetic or other forms ofelectrical stimulation for a broad spectrum of different biological andbiomedical applications. The system includes an ES signal stage having aselector coupled to a plurality of different signal generators, eachproducing a signal having a distinct shape such as a sine, a square orsaw-tooth wave, or simple or complex pulse, the parameters of which areadjustable in regard to amplitude, duration, repetition rate and othervariables. The signal from the selected generator in the ES stage is fedto at least one output stage where it is processed to produce a high orlow voltage or current output of a desired polarity whereby the outputstage is capable of yielding an electrical stimulation signalappropriate for its intended application. Also included in the system isa measuring stage which measures and displays the electrical stimulationsignal operating on the substance being treated as well as the outputsof various sensors which sense conditions prevailing in this substancewhereby the user of the system can manually adjust it or have itautomatically adjusted by feedback to provide an electrical stimulationsignal of whatever type he wishes and the user can then observe theeffect of this signal on a substance being treated.

In a preferred embodiment, an electrode is introduced into one of thesinus cavities of a patient to treat nerve disorders in the brain and/orto evaluate hearing deficiencies. In preferred embodiments for treatingnerve disorders, the electrode is positioned within a sinus cavityadjacent to or near the frontal cortex of the brain and the electricalsignal is sufficient to modulate, stimulate and/or inhibit nerves withinthe frontal cortex. The electrode is preferably movable between acollapsed or compact configuration for introduction through one of thenostrils into the target sinus cavity and an expanded configuration forcontacting tissue within the sinus cavity to deliver the electricalimpulse through said tissue to the target nerves in the brain.

A key advantage of the invention is that deep brain stimulation (DBS) totreat certain nerve disorders can be accomplished minimally invasively,i.e., without requiring direct access to the brain through the patient'sskull. In addition, the proximity of the sinus cavities to the frontalcortex allows precise positioning of the electric field to stimulate theappropriate nerve tissue. Thus, deeper areas of the brain can bedirectly stimulated without damaging otherwise healthy areas of thebrain. Nerve disorders that can be treated according to the presentinvention include epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, depression, eatingdisorders, Tourette syndrome, obesity, mood disorders,obsessive-compulsive disorders, hyperphagia, addiction, dystonia,essential tremor, chronic pain or any other disorder associated withnerve transmissions in the frontal cortex.

One example of a nerve disorder that can be treated according to thepresent invention is Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is aneurodegenerative disease whose primary symptoms are tremor, rigidity,bradykinesia and postural instability. Deep brain stimulation can beused to control or mitigate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease bysending high frequency electrical impulses into specific areas of thebrain. Traditionally, the two most common target sites for nervestimulation are the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the globus pallidusinternal (GPi), but other sites such as the caudal zona incerta and thepallidofugal fibers medial to the STN, are being evaluated and showpromise.

Another example of a nerve disorder that can be treated according to thepresent invention is major depression. Researchers have shown thatelectrical stimulation of a small area of the frontal cortex, thesubgenual cingulated region, can bring about sustained remissions inpatients suffering from major depression. In addition, the nucleusaccumbens, the region associated with pleasure and reward mechanisms,has shown promising results with patients suffering from profounddepression.

As shown in FIG. 5, the nasal cavity 900 is a large air-filled spaceabove and behind the nose 902 in the middle of the face. The paranasalsinuses (maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid) are air-filled spaceswithin the bones of the skull and face that communicate with the nasalcavity via small openings or ostia. The frontal sinuses 904 are superiorto the eyes in the frontal bone which forms the hard part of theforehead. The maxillary sinuses (only the opening 910 of the maxillarysinus is shown FIG. 5) are under the eyes in the maxillary bone. Theethmoid sinuses 906 are formed from several discrete air cells withinthe ethmoid bone between the nose and eyes. Finally, the sphenoidsinuses 908 are located in the sphenoid bone at the center of the skullbase under the pituitary gland.

In use, an electrode is introduced through the nostril 922 of thepatient and advanced into one of the sinus cavities such as the frontsinus 904 or the sphenoid sinus 908. In a preferred embodiment, theelectrode may be a balloon-electrode device 100 similar to the one shownin FIGS. 1-3 or any suitable electrode device that can be used in themethod described below. For example, an expandable electrode may be usedthat is designed for insertion through the nostril 922 and then forexpansion into a large configuration at the target site within the sinuscavities. Alternatively, any standard bipolar or monopolar electrodesuitable for delivering the appropriate electrical impulse from thesinus cavities to the target location in the brain may be used topractice the method of the present invention.

The exact location of placement of the electrode(s) will depend on thetargeted region of the patient's frontal cortex according to the desiredtreatment of the nerve disorder. Once in position, a fluid, preferably asaline and/or a buffered conductive solution, passes into balloon 102through an introducer tube 104 such that when balloon 102 is inflated,electrode 110 (not shown in FIG. 5) is substantially centrally locatedwithin the interior of balloon 102. An electrical impulse is thenapplied to electrode 110 by a suitable impulse generator 310 (FIG. 3)such that the electrical impulse passes through the conductive fluid andthe outer surface of balloon 102 into the tissue of the sinus cavity andto the targeted nerve in the patient's brain. The electrical signal maybe of a frequency between about 1-3000 Hz, pulse duration between about10-1000 us, and an amplitude between about 1-20 volts. The exactamplitude will largely depend on the distance between the electrode 110and the targeted nerve.

The electrical signal is preferably selected to substantially block thenerve signals that cause the disorder to be treated. For example, if thephysician is treating non-Parkinsonian essential tremor, the placementof balloon 102 and the amplitude of the signal will both be selected toapply a suitable electrical impulse to block nerves signals emanatingfrom the ventrointermedial nucleus of the thalamus. If the physician istreating dystonia and symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease(rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia and/or tremor), the balloon 102 isplaced and the amplitude is selected to apply the electrical impulse toblock nerve signals emanating from either the globus pallidus orsubthalamic nucleus.

Balloon-electrode device 100 may be introduced into the sinus cavitiesfor multiple treatments, depending on the nerve disorder. Alternatively,the device may be implanted in one of the sinus cavities. In thisembodiment, balloon 102 is detachable from introducer tube 104. In oneembodiment, tube 104 includes a one-way valve along its length proximalto balloon 102 such that conductive fluid can be delivered to theinterior of the balloon 102 without passing back through tube 104 whenthe distal portion of tube 104 is detached from balloon 102. When it isdesired to apply the electrical impulse, tube 104 may be reattached toballoon 102 to deliver sufficient conductive fluid to expand balloon102. A wireless transmitter outside of the patient's body may be used toapply the electrical impulse to electrode 110.

In another embodiment, an electrode, such as balloon electrode device100, may be used to evaluate a patient's hearing deficiency, such as adeficiency related to the cochlea. The cochlea is a spiraled hollowconical chamber of bone that functions as the auditory portion of theinner ear. It is filled with a water liquid, which moves in response tothe vibrations coming from the middle ear via the oval window. As thefluid moves, thousands of “hair cells” are set in motion, and thismotion is converted into electrical signals that are communicated vianeurotransmitters to many thousands of nerve cells. These primaryauditory neurons transform the signals into electrical impulses known asaction potentials, which travel along the auditory nerve to structuresin the brainstem for further processing.

A cochlear implant is a surgically implanted electronic device thatprovides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severelyhard of hearing. The cochlear implant is often referred to as a bionicear. Unlike hearing aids, the cochlear implant does not amplify sound,but works by directly stimulating any functioning auditory nerves insidethe cochlea with an electric field. External components of the cochlearimplant may include a microphone, speech processor and an RF transduceror primary headpiece coil. A secondary coil is implanted beneath theskull's skin and inductively coupled to the primary headpiece coil. Theheadpiece coil has a magnet by which it attaches to another magnetplaced on the secondary coil often beside the cochlear implant. Theimplant relays the incoming signal to the implanted electrodes in thecochlea. The speech processor allows an individual to adjust thesensitivity of the device. The implant gives recipients additionalauditory information including sound discrimination fine enough tounderstand speech in quiet environments.

A cochlear implant will not cure deafness or hearing impairment, but isa prosthetic substitute for hearing. Some recipients find them veryeffective, others somewhat effective and some feel worse overall withthe implant than without. For people already functional in spokenlanguage who lose their hearing, cochlear implants can be a great helpin restoring functional comprehension of speech, especially if they haveonly lost their hearing for a short time. However, some effects ofimplantation are irreversible; while the device promises to provide newsound information for a recipient, the implantation process inevitablyresults in damage to nerve cells within the cochlea, which often resultsin a permanent loss of most residual natural hearing. While recentimprovements in implant technology, and implantation techniques, promiseto minimize such damage, the risk and extent of damage still varies.Thus, it is important to accurately assess the potential effectivenessof a cochlea implant prior to surgery (to the extent possible).

The present invention provides a system and method of stimulatingauditory nerves within the cochlea to determine which nerves arefunctional and thereby diagnose the patient's hearing deficiency. Thisallows the physician to more accurately assess the potentialeffectiveness of a cochlea implant prior to implantation. In a preferredembodiment, balloon 102 is introduced through one of the nostrils 922 ofthe patient and into a sinus cavity adjacent the pharyngeal orifice 920of the auditory tube (see FIG. 5). Once in position, a fluid such asisotonic saline passes into balloon 102 through an introducer tube 104such that when balloon 102 is inflated, electrode 110 is substantiallycentrally located within the interior of balloon 102. An electricalimpulse is then applied to electrode 110 by a suitable impulse generator310 such that the electrical impulse passes through the conductive fluidand the outer surface of balloon 102 into the tissue of the sinus cavityand to the targeted auditory nerve(s) in the patient's cochlea (notshown).

In this embodiment, the electrical signal(s) will preferably be selectedto mimic one or more electrical signals that would be produced by afunctioning cochlea. The patient's response to these signals is thenmonitored to determine whether a cochlea implant would be effective. Theelectrical signals may be of a frequency between about 1-10,000 Hz,pulse duration between about 10-1000 us, and an amplitude between about1-20 volts.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerousmodifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that otherarrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for treating a nerve disorder in apatient, comprising: introducing an electrode into a sinus cavity of thepatient by advancing an expandable enclosure into the sinus cavity,wherein the electrode is housed within the expandable enclosure; andapplying an electrical impulse through the electrode to a target regionin the patient's brain, the electrical impulse being sufficient tomodulate one or more nerves in the target region to treat the nervedisorder.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the target region is thefrontal cortex of the brain.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theelectrical impulse is sufficient to inhibit nerve activity in the targetregion.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical impulse issufficient to depolarize nerve membranes in the target region.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the introducing step is carried out byadvancing the expandable enclosure through a nostril of the patient andinto the sinus cavity.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sinuscavity is at least one of the frontal sinus, the sphenoidal sinus andthe ethmoid sinus.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the nerve disorderis at least one of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, depression, eatingdisorder, obesity, mood disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder,hyperphagia, addiction, dystonia, essential tremor and chronic pain. 8.The method of claim 1, further comprising expanding the expandableenclosure after introducing the electrode into the sinus cavity of thepatient, and contacting a tissue of the sinus cavity.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising contacting a tissue of the sinus cavity withan electrically-permeable portion of an outer wall of the enclosure. 10.The method of claim 9, wherein the electrode is housed within theenclosure, and further comprising delivering electrically conductivefluid into the enclosure such that the conductive fluid electricallycouples the electrode with the electrically-permeable portion of theouter wall of the enclosure.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein theouter wall is the electrode, and further comprising delivering fluidinto the enclosure to expand the enclosure.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein the fluid is electrically conductive, and further comprisingapplying the electrical impulse through the electrically conductivefluid to the outer wall of the enclosure.
 13. The method of claim 10,wherein contacting a tissue of the sinus cavity with anelectrically-permeable portion of an outer wall of the enclosurecomprises expanding the enclosure from a deflated position to aninflated position.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein expanding theenclosure is carried out by delivering the electrically conductive fluidinto an interior of the enclosure.
 15. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising inflating the enclosure with the electrically conductivefluid such that the electrode is substantially centrally located withinan interior volume of the enclosure.
 16. A system for treating a nervedisorder comprising: an electrode; an introducer coupled to theelectrode and configured for advancing the electrode into a sinus cavityadjacent to or near a target region in a brain of the patient; a sourceof electrical energy coupled to the electrode and configured forapplying an electrical impulse through the electrode to the targetregion, the electrical impulse being sufficient to modulate one or morenerves in the target region to treat the nerve disorder; and anenclosure coupled to the source of electrical energy and the introducer,the enclosure having an outer wall surrounding an interior, the outerwall having at least one section that is formed from anelectrically-permeable material.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein theelectrode is movable between a compact configuration for introductioninto the sinus cavity and an expanded configuration for contactingtissue within the sinus cavity.
 18. The system of claim 16, furthercomprising a fluid delivery device fluidly coupled to the interior ofthe enclosure for delivering electrically conductive fluid to saidinterior such that the electrically-permeable section of the outer wallis electrically coupled to the electrical energy source.
 19. The systemof claim 18, wherein the electrode is housed within the interior of theenclosure.
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the introducer comprisesa hollow tube having an internal passageway with a proximal openingcoupled to the fluid delivery device and a distal opening coupled to theinterior of the enclosure.
 21. The system of claim 16, wherein theenclosure is a balloon movable between a deflated position forintroduction through a nostril into the sinus cavity of the patient andan inflated position for contacting tissue within the sinus cavity. 22.The system of claim 21, wherein the electrode is substantially centrallylocated within the balloon in the inflated position.
 23. The system ofclaim 16, further comprising a return electrode adapted for contact withthe patient, wherein the electrode and the return electrode are adaptedsuch that the electro-magnetic field emanating from the electrode is ina substantially radial pattern.
 24. The system of claim 16, wherein thesource of electrical energy is an electrical signal generator and theelectrical impulse is of a frequency between about 1 Hz to about 3000Hz, a pulse duration of between about 10 us to about 1000 us, and anamplitude of between about 1 volt to about 20 volts.